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23,000 Year Old Human Footprints found in White Sands New Mexico
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In accordance with industry accepted best practices we ask that users limit their copy / paste of copyrighted material to the relevant portions of the article you wish to discuss and no more than 50% of the source material, provide a link back to the original article and provide your original comments / criticism in your post with the article.
[quote:Anonymous Coward 80559032:MV80OTE3NDkwXzg5ODQ5MDU3XzQxOTlEMTA3] [quote:hankie:MV80OTE3NDkwXzg5ODQ4OTk5X0JERjlFRkU2] [quote:Anonymous Coward 79943948:MV80OTE3NDkwXzg5ODQ4MjAxXzZFQjUzMzdD] [quote:Anonymous Coward 80915153:MV80OTE3NDkwXzg5ODQ4MTM4XzNFMDI2NjQy] if you can read maybe you can start by reading a bit of wiki then Known as "Clovis First", the predominant hypothesis among archaeologists in the latter half of the 20th century had been that the people associated with the Clovis culture were the first inhabitants of the Americas. The primary support for this was that no solid evidence of pre-Clovis human habitation had been found. According to the standard accepted theory, [b]the Clovis people crossed the Beringia land bridge over the Bering Strait from Siberia to Alaska[/b] during the period of lowered sea levels during the ice age, then made their way southward through an ice-free corridor east of the Rocky Mountains in present-day Western Canada as the glaciers retreated. [/quote] The Solutrean hypothesis has been heavily debunked by modern science! [quote:Actual Science] Archaeologists have taken a hard, long look at this idea and [b]dismissed it on the basis of [u]insufficient evidence[/u][/b]. The mismatch between the archaeological record and the Solutrean hypothesis is [b]so extensive[/b] that I can’t cover every problem, but here is a sample: 1. There’s a serious time gap between when the Solutreans could have crossed the Atlantic via the ice bridge (~20,000 YBP) and when Clovis tools begin to show up in the archaeological record (~13,000 YBP). [b]This means that they would have made the points in exactly the same way for 7,000 years. Nowhere else in the Americas do we see technologies and cultures existing unchanging for that length of time.[/b] 2. [b]There is no evidence of boat use, or tools used for making boats at Solutrean sites.[/b] Although the Ice Bridge documentary makes much of an image of a fish and an auk in a French cave, it is a bit of a stretch (to say the least!) to claim that this is sufficient to demonstrate a sophisticated seafaring culture, capable of crossing the Atlantic. [b]The existence of a year-round “ice bridge” across the Atlantic during the Last Glacial Maximum is not supported by paleoclimate data[/b]. Instead, sea ice in the Atlantic would most likely have been seasonal, with a connection between North American and Europe [b]only a few months out of the year.[/b] 3. The notion of overshot flaking technique as evidence of a link between Clovis and Solutrean has been challenged by many archaeologists, [b]who think it far more plausible that the two cultures arrived at the same technology independently.[/b] As Strauss (2000) puts it, “One or two technical attributes are insufficient to establish a cultural link or long-distance interconnection.” 4.[b] Radiocarbon dates of Clovis sites do not show a pattern one would expect if people diffused into North America from the east coast, as postulated by Stanford and Bradley.[/b] Geneticists, too, have tested the Solutrean hypothesis. If it were true, we would expect to see ancestry from non-Siberian descended populations present in the genomes of ancient Native Americans. [b][u]We don’t.[/u][/b] All contemporary and ancient Native Americans, including the only known ancient individual buried in association with Clovis tools, show [b][u]descent from an ancestral population with Siberian roots.[/u][/b] There is a very clear pattern of evolutionary history recorded in ancient genomes from Siberia, Beringia, and North America, [b][u]and no evidence for trans-Atlantic gene flow.[/u][/b] [b]This is where the Ice Bridge documentary runs into great problems[/b]. It [b]ignores[/b] all genomic evidence and instead relies upon an old idea that a particular mitochondrial haplogroup (a group of closely related maternal lineages) known as X shows a connection between North America and Europe. In the documentary, pediatrician/popular science writer Stephen Oppenheimer asserts that the presence of haplogroup X in an ancient North American population is a priori evidence for a European connection. The documentary makes this case persuasively with graphics and maps showing the presence of this haplogroup in both Europe and North America. [b]But look below the surface and the entire argument falls apart.[/b] First of all, Standford, Bradley, and Oppenheimer simply assume that Solutreans would have had X because it’s seen in contemporary European populations. [b][i][u]But in fact, the contemporary European gene pool was formed only within the last 8,000 years[/u][/i][/b], and it’s unknown whether earlier peoples would have had haplogroup X in the same frequencies (or at all). [b]No genomes from Solutren peoples have ever been sequenced[/b], and you should always be cautious when a case is made for extending present day patterns of genetic variation into the past without direct confirmation from ancient DNA. Today, lineages of haplogroup X are found widely dispersed throughout Europe, Asia, North Africa, and North America. We can reconstruct their evolutionary relationships – much like you can reconstruct a family tree – by looking at patterns of shared and derived mutations. Lineages found in the Americas, X2a and X2g, are not descended from the lineages (X2b, X2d, and X2c) found in Europe. Instead, they share a very ancient common ancestor from Eurasia, X2. (Here is a detailed discussion of the evolution of these haplogroups for anyone interested). X2a is of a comparable age to other indigenous American haplogroups (A,B,C,D), [b]which would not be true if it was derived from a separate migration from Europe.[/b] Finally, the oldest lineage of X2a found in the Americas was recovered from the Ancient One (also known as Kennewick Man), [b]an ancient individual dating to ~9,000 years ago and from the West Coast (not the East Coast as would be predicted from the Solutrean hypothesis)[/b]. His entire genome has been sequenced and shows that he has [b][u]no ancestry from European sources[/u][/b]. There is no conceivable scenario under which Kennewick Man could have inherited just his mitochondrial genome from Solutreans but the rest of his genome from Beringians. [b]Thus, without additional evidence, there is nothing to justify the assumption that X2a must have evolved in Europe.[/b] The Ice Bridge unfortunately relied on cherry-picking of data to support the ideas of Bradley and Stanford, and it’s not up to the standards of The Nature of Things. When I write about this issue, I frequently hear an argument along the lines of [b][u]“Well, it could have happened, so maybe it did”. But science isn’t built on “could haves” and “maybes”.[/u][/b] You must build your models based on evidence you have, not evidence you wish you had, and the Solutrean hypothesis is lacking sufficient evidence to be considered seriously. [/quote] [/quote] From more recent tests the DNA of the Siberia is only Alaska Natives not the ones in the mainland America west north, south, and east natives do not have Siberian DNA. Jumping to theories is not good science. They do know there is more than one grouping of DNA, the divide is kind of a split in the country halfway. Western and Eastern have a few that match the other part does not match, the Western one match to the ones going down to South America. I can always use my theory, the landmasses all over the world were one, Some sank or dropped and were covered with ocean either this or landmasses moved and some displacement happened and the higher part rose up and the others sank, the ocean water flowed over those other civilizations. Must have been after the flood. [/quote] They are wrong about the "All native americans come from Siberians" bit, you're right about that. That was the standard line in science until recently. But in fact, the true founding people of the Americas descend from a common ancestor shared with Australian Aborigines and Melanesians, aka ASIATIC N.EGROES. [quote:BBC] The first Americans were descended from Australian aborigines, according to evidence in a new BBC documentary. [b]Until now[/b], native Americans were believed to have descended from Asian ancestors who arrived over a land bridge between Siberia and Alaska and then migrated across the whole of north and south America. The land bridge was formed 11,000 years ago during the ice age, when sea level dropped. However, [b]the new evidence shows that these people did not arrive in an empty wilderness[/b]. Stone tools and charcoal from the site in Brazil show evidence [b]of human habitation as long ago as 50,000 years. [/b] The skull dimensions and facial features match most closely the native people of [b]Australia and Melanesia[/b]. These people date back to about 60,000 years, and were themselves descended from the first humans, who left Africa about 100,000 years ago. But how could the early Australians have travelled more than 13,500 kilometres (8,450 miles) at that time? The answer comes from more cave paintings, this time from the Kimberley, a region at the northern tip of Western Australia. [/quote] [/quote]
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