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Clinical management of severe acute respiratory infection (SARI) when COVID-19 disease is suspected *notes to self

 
Anonymous Coward
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Re: Clinical management of severe acute respiratory infection (SARI) when COVID-19 disease is suspected *notes to self
H+ ,K+ -ATPase inhibitor


Salvianolic acid A

Pharm:

Antineoplastic;
free radical scavenger (against damage in mitochondria of rat hepatic and cardiac cells caused by oxygen free radicals);
inhibits gastric secretion (rat);
antioxidant (inhibits lipid peroxidization strongly, induced by vitamin C-nicotinamide ADP and Fe2+- cysteine in microsome of murine cerebral, hepatic and renal cells);
antioxidant (in vitro, Cu2+ induced LDL peroxidation assay, IC50 = 0.59μmol/L; control Probucol, IC50 = 4.7μmol/L)[4628];
H+ ,K+ -ATPase inhibitor (inhibits secretion and ulcer, IC50 = 0.52μmol/L);
pNPPase inhibitor (inhibits secretion and ulcer, IC50 = 1.7μmol/L);
5-lipoxygenase inhibitor (IC50 = 0.38μmol/L);
aldose reductase inhibitor (eye lens, IC50 = 9.80nmol/L);
protects against damage of cardiac muscle (rat, in vitro, caused by ischemia-perfusion);
reduces learning disorder in mus caused by ischemia-perfusion;
reverses action of potassium channel in myocardium membrane.

Source:

DAN SHEN Salvia miltiorrhiza,
ZI DAN TENG Tournefortia sarmentosa (stem: yield = 0.00093%)
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also: zinc, glutathione, vit c, riboflavin
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[link to guerir-du-cancer.fr (secure)]

A COHORT OF CANCER PATIENTS WITH NO REPORTED CASES OF SARS-COV-2 INFECTION : THE POSSIBLE PREVENTIVE ROLE OF METHYLENE BLUE

We report the case of a cohort of 2500 French patients treated among others with methylene blue for cancer care. During the COVID-19 epidemics none of them developed influenza-like illness. Albeit this lack of infection might be by chance alone, it is possible that methylene blue might have a preventive effect for COVID-19 infection. This is in line with the antiviral activity of Chloroquine, a Methylene blue derivative.

Both Chloroquine and Methylene blue have strong antiviral and anti- inflammatory properties probably linked to the change in intracellular pH and redox state.

With the current COVID-19 outbreak, the world is facing a challenge and every possibility of helping people should be considered. Our preliminary data suggest but do not prove that Methylene blue might be a good treatment for influenza- like illnesses. Both Methylene blue and its derivatives such as chloroquine may share similar mechanism of action. Time is ripe for a prospective randomized clinical trial for the treatment of this dreadful disease.

Old drugs which have been tested for other indications ( such as Methylene blue or Chloroquine) have a well-defined safety profile. They are often more effective than new drugs from the High Tech. The Covid 19 epidemics like cancer has a solution. Reporpusing of known molecules will help cure these deadly diseases.



found via

[link to nootropicsexpert.com (secure)]


MB (UK):

[link to mitolab.com (secure)]
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Re: Clinical management of severe acute respiratory infection (SARI) when COVID-19 disease is suspected *notes to self
COX





Caffeic acid phenethyl ester

Pharm:

Anti-inflammatory (COX-1 inhibitor, IC50 = 58μmol/L, COX-2 inhibitor);
anti-inflammatory (NF-κB pathway);
anti-carcinogenic;
antimitogenic;
immunomodulant;
allergenic;
dermatitic (causes contact dermatitis).

Source: FENG JIAO Apis mellifera ligustica, Propolis

--------------------------------------

Hexadecanoic acid
Palmitic acid; Aethalic acid; Cetylic acid [57-10-3] C16H32O2 (256.43).

Pharm:

Antifungal inactive (hmn pathogenic yeasts Candida albicans, Candida glabrata and Candida tropicalis);
COX-1 and COX-2 inhibitor (IC50 = 3.9~180μmol/L, lacking selectivity);
platelet aggregation inhibitor (washed rabbit platelets, 100μg/mL, 100μmol/L AA-induced, InRt = 4.5%, control 50μmol/L Aspirin, InRt = 100%; 10μg/mL collagen-induced, InRt = 3.9%, 100μmol/L Aspirin, InRt = 4.9%; 0.1U/mL thrombin-induced, InRt = 6.0%, 100μmol/L Aspirin, InRt = 1.7%; 2ng/mL PAF-induced, InRt = 3.5%, 100μmol/L Aspirin, InRt = 2.1%)[5427]; LD50 (mus, iv) = 57mg/kg.

Source:
BA DOU Croton tiglium,
BAI CHANG Acorus calamus,
BAI ZHI Angelica dahurica [Syn. Angelica porphyrocaulis],
BING LANG Areca catechu,
CHAI HU Bupleurum chinense,
CHUAN XIONG Ligusticum chuanxiong [Syn. Ligusticum wallichii],
CU LIU GUO Hippophae rhamnoides,
DA CHE QIAN Plantago major ,
DA QING YE Isatis indigotica,
DA ZAO Ziziphus jujuba,
DANG GUI Angelica sinensis,
DANG SHEN Codonopsis pilosula,
DONG CHONG XIA CAO Cordyceps sinensis,
DONG LING CAO Rabdosia rubescens,
FU LING Poria cocos,
GAN DI HUANG Rehmannia glutinosa [Syn. Rehmannia glutinosa f. Huechingensis],
GUA LOU Trichosanthes kirilowii,
GUANG YE DING GONG TENG Erycibe schmidtii,
HONG HUA Carthamus tinctorius,
HUA DONG LAN CI TOU Echinops grijsii,
HUANG QI Astragalus membranaceus,
HUANG QIN Scutellaria baicalensis,
LANG DANG ZI Hyoscyamus niger (dried ripe seed: content = 6.5%)[5508],
LU HUI Aloe vera [Syn. Aloe barbadensis],
MU XIANG Saussurea lappa [Syn. Aucklandia lappa],
PU HUANG Typha angustata,
QIANG HUO Notopterygium incisum,
QING HAO Artemisia apiacea [Syn. Artemisia carvifolia; Artemisia caruifolia],
QUAN XIE Buthus martensi,
REN SHEN Panax ginseng [Syn. Panax schinseng],
SAN QI CAO Gynura segetum [Syn. Gynura japonica] (rhizome),
SAN QI Panax pseudo-ginseng var. notoginseng [Syn. Panax notoginseng],
SHAN YAO Dioscorea batatas [Syn. Dioscorea opposita], SHAN ZHA Crataegus pinnatifida,
SHAN ZHU YU Cornus officinalis [Syn. Macrocarpium officinale],
TIAN HUA FEN Trichosanthes kirilowii,
TIAN MA Gastrodia elata,
WU SE MEI Lantana camara (aerial parts),
XI YANG SHEN Panax quinquefolium,
XING REN Prunus armeniaca,
YA DAN ZI Brucea javanica [Syn. Brucea sumatrana; Rhus javanica],
YIN YANG HUO Epimedium brevicornum,
YU XING CAO Houttuynia cordata, occurs in many plants.

--------------------------------------

cis-9,cis-12-Linoleic acid

cis-9,cis-12-Octadecadienoic acid [60-33-3] C18H32O2 (280.45). Yellowish oil,
insoluble in water, soluble in absolute alcohol, diethyl ether, etc. Pharm:
Antiallergic (rat, passive skin allergy, 300mg/kg orl, InRt = 60.9%);
antihypercholesterolemic; nutrient; inhibits cancer cell invasion (MM1 cells,
in vitro, 10μg/mL, InRt = 15.7%)[4329]; COX-1 and COX-2 inhibitor (IC50 =
3.9-180μmol/L, lacking selectivity).

Source:

BAI GUO Ginkgo biloba,
BAN WEN LU HUI Aloe vera var. chinensis,
BING LANG Areca catechu,
CHUAN XIONG Ligusticum chuanxiong [Syn. Ligusticum wallichii],
CU LIU GUO Hippophae rhamnoides,
DA CHE QIAN Plantago major,
DA ZAO Ziziphus jujuba,
DONG CHONG XIA CAO Cordyceps sinensis,
DU HENG Asarum forbesii,
GAN DI HUANG Rehmannia glutinosa [Syn. Rehmannia glutinosa f. Huechingensis],
GOU QI GEN PI Lycium chinense,
GOU QI ZI Lycium chinense,
GUA LOU Trichosanthes kirilowii,
HEI ZI LI GUO JI SHENG Scurrura atropurpurea,
HONG HUA Carthamus tinctorius,
HUA DONG LAN CI TOU Echinops grijsii,
JI GUAN ZI Celosia cristada (seed),
JIAN YE YIN YANG HUO Epimedium sagittatum,
MAN JING ZI Vitex trifolia,
MAN TUO LUO ZI Datura metel,
MAO MAN TUO LUO ZI Datura innoxia,
MENG GU HUANG QI Astragalus mongholicus,
MU XIANG Saussurea lappa [Syn. Aucklandia lappa],
QIANG HUO Notopterygium incisum,
REN SHEN Panax ginseng [Syn. Panax schinseng],
SHAN ZHA Crataegus pinnatifida,
SHAN ZHU YU Cornus officinalis [Syn. Macrocarpium officinale],
SHUANG BIAN GUA LOU Trichosanthes rosthornii [Syn. Trichosanthes uniflora],
TIAN HUA FEN Trichosanthes kirilowii,
XI YANG SHEN Panax quinquefolium,
XING REN Prunus armeniaca,
YA DAN ZI Brucea javanica [Syn. Brucea sumatrana; Rhus javanica],
YA MA Linum usitatissimum,
YAO YONG PU GONG YING Taraxacum officinale,
YI ZHI REN Alpinia oxyphylla (fruit: yield = 0.020%dw)[4655],
YIN CHEN HAO Artemisia capillaris,
YU XING CAO Houttuynia cordata,
ZI SU Perilla frutescens var. arguta,


--------------------------------------


Quercetin


Pharm:

Anti-HIV-1 (RT (RDDP)inhibitor, IC50 = 43μmol/L, positive control Adriamycin, IC50 = 27μmol/L;
DDDP inhibitor, IC50 > 100μmol/L, positive control Adriamycin, IC50 = 6μmol/L;
HIV-1 IN inhibitor, IC50 = 15μmol/L, positive control suramin, IC50 = 2.4μmol/L)[4187];
antiasthmatic (used as a cure for chronic bronchitis);
antibacterial;
antihepatotoxin;
antihypertensive;
anti-inflammatory (COX-1 inhibitor, 200μmol/L, InRt = (44±2)%, positive control Indomethacin, 1.7μmol/L, InRt = (43±3)%);
cont...


--------------------------------------



Resveratrol


Pharm:

Cytotoxic (cyclooxygenase-1 inhibitor)[5038];
COX-2 inhibitor (IC50 = 1.3μmol/L)[3869];
COX-1 inhibitor (IC50 = 1.1μmol/L)[3869];
COX-1 inhibitor (IC50 = 0.25μg/mL)[5030];
COX-2 inhibitor (IC50 = 0.30μg/mL)[5030];

...

anti-inflammatory (COX-1/COX-2 inhibitor; prostanoid inhibitor via LOX pathway;
K562 cells apoptosis via inhibition of both LOX and COX activity; causes a pronounced
reduction in the c-fos and TGF-β1 expression in mouse skin stimulated by phorbol
myristate acetate (PMA); inhibits COX-2 transcription and activity associated with
inhibition of AP-1-mediated gene expression in PMA-treated mammary epithelial
cells, by inhibiting signal transduction through PKC); anti-inflammatory
(NF-κB pathway); anti-inflammatory (cultured cells, suppresses iNOS
expression and NO production, by down-regulation of NF- B binding activity via
blockade of IkBα degradation); phytoalexin; antiallergic;
antioxidant; anti-carcinogenic; platelet aggregation inhibitor (2.5μg/mL
collagen-induced, IC50 50
[5094];

cont...

Source:

BAI LI LU Veratrum album (in 1940, isolated from the plant[5507]),
CHI CHI NOPE MING Cassia dentata,
DA DA HE MIAN BAO GUO Artocarpus dadah,
DUN YE CHE ZHOU CAO Trifolium dubium,
FANG JI YE BA QIA Smilax menispermoidea,
GOU SHU Broussonetia papyrifera[3090],
HE SHOU WU Polygonum multiflorum,
HU ZHANG Polygonum cuspidatum (root: content = 1.10%[5501]), [jap knotweed]
LUO HUA SHENG Arachis hypogaea,
MAO CI JIN JI ER Caragana tibetica (stem),
MAO MAI LIAO Pleuropterus ciliinervis,
MAO YE LI LU Veratrum grandiflorum (root),
PU(2) TAO Vitis vinifera,
QING MEI Vatica rassak (stem cortex),
SA HA LIN YUN SHAN Picea glehnii,
SHE PU TAO Ampelopsis brevipedunculata,
TIAN SHAN DA HUANG Rheum wittrocki,
WO SHI AN Eucalyptus wandoo,
WU SU LI LI LU Veratrum nigrum var. ussuriense,
XI BO LI YA HONG SONG Pinus sibirica (bark),
XIAO YE MAI MA TENG Gnetum parvifolium [Syn. Gnetum indicum],
YUN SHI Caesalpinia decapetala (leaf),
ZHAO WA ZHE SHU Cudrania javanensis, Vitis spp.,
occurs in many plants


Anonymous Coward
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[link to www.dailymail.co.uk (secure)]

Boss of tiny Oxford firm is 'extremely optimistic' over one-a-day pill it has developed to combat coronavirus
BerGenBio, a British-Norwegian company has just 38 staff working for them
The firm believe they have found the key to combat the coronavirus
Chief executive of the company said tests on SARS-Cov-2 'showed big effects'
It works by stopping the virus from utilising a naturally occurring protein, AXL
The small firm is competing with pharmaceutical giants to find a treatment

--------------


AXL receptor tyrosine kinase

---------------
Anonymous Coward
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05/02/2020 09:14 PM
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Re: Clinical management of severe acute respiratory infection (SARI) when COVID-19 disease is suspected *notes to self
Phloretinic acid


Pharm:

Tyrosine kinase inhibitor (IC50 = 64μmol/L, interleukin-2 inducible T-cell kinase)[5252].
Source:

HUANG GAN CAO Glycyrrhiza kansuensis,
MO LEI NAN YANG SHEN Polyscias murrayi,
PENG ZI CAI Galium verum,
PING GUO Malus pumila.



---------------

Baicalein

Pharm:

Antiallergic; RAW264.7 cells)[4416]; anti-inflammatory (inhibits binding of several chemokines, such as CXC, CC to hmn leukocytes or cells transfected with chemokine receptors)[4416];
anti-inflammatory (prevents eotaxin production (IC50 = 1.8μg/mL) and mRNA eotaxin expression in hmn fibroblasts [4416];
anti-inflammatory (macrophages, IL-12 production inhibitor, LPS-activated, NF- B binding inhibitor)[5437];
decreases accumulation of reactive oxygen intermediates (hmn neutrophils and
monocytes, fMLP- or PMA-induced, IC50 = 1.5~64.5μmol/L)[4416]; integrin MAC-1 inhibitor (fMLP-induced, decreases increase in surface expression of MAC-1(CD11b/CD18) and MAC-1 dependent neutrophil adhesion)[4416];
anti-inflammatory (hmn retinal pigment epithelial cell lines, IL-6 and IL-8 blocker, blocking production and expression of IL-6 and IL-8, IC50 = 1~40μmol/L)[4416];
choleretic;
diuretic;
antithrombotic (extends clotting time of fibrinogen by thrombase in high concentration);
aldoketomutase I inhibitor;
lipoxygenase inhibitor (in vitro, IC50 [2555];
lipoxygenase inhibitor (EC1.13.11.12, IC50 = (22.4±1.3)μmol/L)[3802];
lipoxygenase inhibitor (in vitro, IC50 = (22.4±1.3)μmol/L)[4319];
lipoxygenase inhibitor (type I-B EC1.13.11.12, IC50 = (22.6±0.05)μmol/L)[4442];
lipoxygenase inhibitor (EC1.13.11.12, IC50 = (22.0±0.05)μmol/L, mixed type, Ki = (18.0±0.02)μmol/L)[4490];
12-lipoxygenase inhibitor (10μg/mL, InRt = 56.23%)[5249];
antihypercholesterolemic;
leukocyte elastase MMP-2/9 inhibitor[4416];
anti-inflammatory (5-lipoxygenase selective inhibitor in rat resident peritoneal macrophage;
LTC4 selective inhibitor in rat resident peritoneal macrophage, IC50 = 9.5μmol/L; oral ameliorates several inflammatory symptoms of experimental colitis, such as body-weight loss, low blood haemoglobin content and rectal bleeding (baicalein only, but not baicalin and wogonin);
inhibits TPA-induced ear oedema in mouse skin;
ornithine decarboxylase inhibitor in mouse skin;
myeloperoxidase inhibitor in mouse skin;
anti-oedematogenic on rat;
15-lipoxygenase inhibitor)[4415];
anti-inflammatory (NO production inhibitor)[4415];
cytotoxic (KU-1 hmn bladder cancer cell line, EJ-1 hmn bladder cancer cell line, MBT-2 murine bladder cancer cell line, inhibits cell proliferation in vitro in a dose-dependent manner, less active than baicalin)[5369];
cytotoxic (LXFL529L hmn large cell lung carcinoma cell line and HL-60, inhibits cell growth at a micromolar range)[5369];
cytotoxic (inhibits growth of MDA-MB-435 hmn breast carcinoma cell line, IC50 = 6μg/mL, more active than hesperetin and naringenin)[5369];
cytotoxic (inhibits proliferation of estrogen receptor-positive MCF7 hmn breast cancer cells, the inhibition was not reversible by an addition of estrogen)[5369];
cytotoxic (inhibits hmn T-lymphoid leukemia cell proliferation, IC50 = 5μmol/L)[5369];
cytotoxic (BxPC3 hmn pancreatic cancer cell line, IC50 = 50μg/mL, PLC/PRF/5 hmn hepatoma cell line, HepG2 hmn hepatoma cell line, inhibits cell growth)[5369];
cAMP phosphodiesterase inhibitor (inhibits cAMP-specific isoenzyme family PDE4, IC50 = 10μmol/L)[5369];
DNA topoisomerase II inhibitor (probably by stabilizing covalent enzyme-DNA intermediate in a ternary complex)[5369];
α-glucosidase inhibitor (mouse melanoma cells, suppresses in vitro invasion and in vivo metastasis)[5369];
xanthine oxidase inhibitor (strong action, indicating that it might be useful for the remission of brain tumors, since xanthine oxidase serum levels are increased in tissues of brain tumors)[5369];
tyrosine kinase inhibitor (tyrosine kinase of EGFR, IC50 = 1.1μmol/L, more active than Baicalin, wogonin, wogonoside and skullcapflavone II)[5369];
tyrosine kinase inhibitor (tyrosine kinase in hmn T-lymphoid leukemia cells)[5369].

Source:

BING TOU HUANG QIN Scutellaria scordifolia,
CHUAN HUANG QIN Scutellaria hypericifolia,
DA CHE QIAN Plantago major,
DIAN HUANG QIN Scutellaria amoena,
GAN SU HUANG QIN Scutellaria rehderiana,
HUANG QIN Scutellaria baicalensis (dried root: content scope of 20 samples = 0.17%∼11.94%, mean content = 1.85% ),
LI JIANG HUANG QIN Scutellaria likiangensis,
MU HU DIE Oroxylum indicum,
NIAN MAO HUANG QIN Scutellaria viscidula.



---------------

Skullcapflavone II


Pharm:

Antineoplastic (ICR mus S180, biotic prolonged rate = 172%);
antithrombotic (1.0mmol/L, inhibits platelet aggregation due to collagen, InRt = 32.5%);
bradykinin antagonist;
cytotoxic (in vitro, L1210 ED50 = 1.5μg/mL);
antihistamine (inhibits histamine release, in vitro, rat peritoneal giant cells, IC50 = 15.0μmol/L);
trypsase inhibitor (IC50 = 18μmol/L);
cytoto- xic (LXFL529L hmn large cell lung carcinoma cell line and HL-60, inhibits cell growth at a micromolar range)[5369];
tyrosine kinase inhibitor (tyrosine kinase of EGFR, IC50 > 60μmol/L)[5369].

Source:

DIAN HUANG QIN Scutellaria amoena,
HUANG QIN Scutellaria baicalensis (dried root: mean content = 0.055%[5508),
NIAN MAO HUANG QIN Scutellaria viscidula


--------------


Wogonin


Pharm:

Antineoplastic;
antispasmodic (mus intestine, in vitro);
diuretic;
estrogenic activity (rat);
cytotoxic;
immunosuppressant (inhibits IL-2 secretion costimulated by CD28, dose = 2.0μg/mL, InRt = 77%)[3498];
anti-inflammatory (modulator of cytokine network: increases TNF-α level in RAW264.7 cells)[4416];
anti-inflammatory (hmn retinal pigment epithelial cell lines, IL-6 and IL-8 blocker, blocking production and expression of IL-6 and IL-8, IC50 = 1~40μmol/L)[4416];
anti-inflammatory (hmn platelets 12-LOX inhibitor, without affecting level of cyclooxygenase; macrophages, COX-2 inhibitor, inhibits COX-2 expression)[4415];
anti-inflammatory (NO production inhibitor)[4415];
hypolipidemic; antioxidant;
cytotoxic (KU-1 hmn bladder cancer cell line, EJ-1 hmn bladder cancer cell line, MBT-2 murine bladder cancer cell line, inhibits cell proliferation in vitro in a dose-dependent manner, less active than baicalin)[5369];
cytotoxic (LXFL529L hmn large cell lung carcinoma cell line and HL-60, inhibits cell growth at a micromolar range)[5369];
xanthine oxidase inhibitor (strong action, indicating that it might be useful for the remission of brain tumors, since xanthine oxidase serum levels are increased in tissues of brain tumors)[5369];
tyrosine kinase inhibitor (tyrosine kinase of EGFR, IC50 > 60μmol/L)[5369].

Source:

banzHI LIAN Scutellaria barbata [Syn. Scutellaria rivularis],
CHUAN HUANG QIN Scutellaria hypericifolia,
DIAN HUANG QIN Scutellaria amoena,
GAN SU HUANG QIN Scutellaria rehderiana,
HONG CHAI HU Bupleurum scorzonerifolium (root),
HUANG QIN Scutellaria baicalensis (dried root: content scope of 10 samples = 0.04%∼2.59%, mean content = 0.66% ),
LI JIANG HUANG QIN Scutellaria likiangensis,
SHAN TENG Anodendron affine,
YIN CHAI HU Stellaria dichotoma var. lanceolata,
NIAN MAO HUANG QIN Scutellaria viscidula


-------------------


Wogonoside

Pharm:
cAMP phosphodiesterase inhibitor (IC50 = 42μmol/L);
antihistamine (rat, inhibits histamine release in peritoneum giant cell, IC50 = 140μmol/L);
liver sialidase inhibitor (mus, 10μg/mL, InRt = inhibits leucocyte aggregation in inflammatory exudate);
cytotoxic (LXFL529L hmn large cell lung carcinoma cell line and HL-60, inhibits cell growth at a micromolar range)[5369];
tyrosine kinase inhibitor (tyrosine kinase of EGFR, IC50 > 60μmol/L)[5369].

Source:
LIAN QIAO Forsythia suspensa,
CHUAN HUANG QIN Scutellaria hypericifolia,
DIAN HUANG QIN Scutellaria amoena,
HUANG QIN Scutellaria baicalensis (dried root: content scope of 10 samples = 1.07%3.24%, mean content = 2.34% ),
NIAN MAO HUANG QIN Scutellaria viscidula



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Re: Clinical management of severe acute respiratory infection (SARI) when COVID-19 disease is suspected *notes to self
Judy Mikovits


Flavonoid Baicalin Inhibits HIV-1 Infection at the Level of Viral Entry

Judy Mikovits


Baicalin (BA) is a flavonoid compound purified from medicinal plant Scutellaria baicalensis Georgi and has been shown to possess anti-inflammatory and anti-HIV-1 activities. In an effort to elucidate the mechanism of the anti-inflammatory effect of BA, we recently found that this flavonoid compound was able to form complexes with selected chemokines and attenuated their capacity to bind and activate receptors on the cell surface. These observations prompted us to investigate whether BA could inhibit HIV-1 infection by interfering with viral entry, a process known to involve interaction between HIV-1 envelope proteins and the cellular CD4 and chemokine receptors. We found that BA at the noncytotoxic concentrations, inhibited both T cell tropic (X4) and monocyte tropic (R5) HIV-1 Env protein mediated fusion with cells expressing CD4/CXCR4 or CD4/CCR5. Furthermore, presence of BA at the initial stage of HIV-1 viral adsorption blocked the replication of HIV-1 early strong stop DNA in cells. Since BA did not inhibit binding of HIV-1 gp120 to CD4, we propose that BA may interfere with the interaction of HIV-1 Env with chemokine coreceptors and block HIV-1 entry of target cells. Therefore, BA can be used as a basis for developing novel anti-HIV-1 agents.

[link to www.researchgate.net (secure)]
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Inhibition of IL-6/STAT3 axis and targeting Axl and Tyro3 receptor tyrosine kinases by apigenin

-------------------

[link to focusbiomolecules.com (secure)]

Apigenin | Protein kinase inhibitor

Apigenin (520-36-5) is a plant flavonoid with antioxidant properties. It has been reported to have myriad effects on biochemical pathways including kinase inhibition (CK2, PKC, ERK)1-3, CYP2CP inhibition4, inhibition of cellular proliferation via G2/M cell cycle arrest3,5, reduction of HIF-1 and VEGF expression6, and inhibition of nitric oxide and PGE2 synthesis7.


-----------------------

[link to www.hindawi.com (secure)]

Dried parsley has a particularly high level of apigenin that far exceeds any other vegetables or herbs [5]. Chamomile tea, high in apigenin content, is one of the most common sources of apigenin intake from a single ingredient.



6. Usage as Herbal Medicine or Functional Food

Pharmacological potential of apigenin may be reflected by the use of plants containing it as herbal medicine or functional food in different cultures. Plants containing apigenin, along with other flavonoids, have been used to battle diseases in many cultures. Apigenin has been identified as an active ingredient in Scutellaria barbata D. Don (Lamiaceae) [75], Castanea sativa Mill. (Fagaceae) [76], Portulaca oleracea L. [77], Marrubium globosum ssp. Libanoticum [78], Combretum erythrophyllum (Combretaceae) [79], Aquilegia oxysepala [80], and propolis [81], among which most are traditional herbal or alternative medicines. Chamomile tea, which is extremely rich in apigenin, has been used as a folk medicine for relieving indigestion or gastritis [9]. Chamomile is also used in mouth rinse, skin care products, and vapor inhalant to reduce inflammation



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Assessment of the pathophysiological properties of COVID-19 as a multi-organ disease
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Thread: Type 1 interferon at very low dose mentioned by PhD MIGHT help against Covid. Some foods help body to make natural interferon LINKS.

Liriodendrin

(+)-Syringaresinol-di-O-β-D-glucoside [573-44-4] C34H46O18 (742.73).


Pharm:

Calcium antagonist (frog, single heart cell); cytotoxic; Gonad stimulating principle; tonicity (mus, extends swimming time);
inhibits fatigue and promotes interferon inducing formation;
angiotensin I-converting enzyme inhibitor;
antihepatotoxin;
analgesic (mus, acetic acid-induced writhing model);
antitrypanosomal (Trypanosoma brucei rhodesiense, IC50 = 34.4μg/mL, control Melarsoprol, IC50 = 0.00098μg/mL; Trypanosoma cruzi, IC50 > 90μg/mL, control Benznidazole, IC50 = 1.06μg/mL)[5009);
antileishmanial (Leishmania donovani, IC50 = 11.6μg/mL, control Miltefosine, IC50 = 0.102μg/mL)[5009]; antimalarial (Plasmodium falciparum, IC50 > 50μg/mL, control Artemisinin, IC50 = 0.0022μg/mL)[5009);
cytotoxic (L6, IC50 > 90μg/mL, control Podophyllotoxin, IC50 = 0.008μg/mL)[5009);
anti-inflammatory (in vivo, carrageenan-induced edema of the hind paw in rats, 5mg/kg, 90min, InRt = 40%);
analgesic (mouse in vivo, acetic acid-induced writhing and hotplate method, 5mg/kg).

Source:

CI WU JIA Acanthopanax senticosus [Syn. Eleutherococcus senticosus], [Siberian ginseng]
DU ZHONG Eucommia ulmoides,
LIU CHUAN YU Linaria vulgaris, [Yellow toadflax]
ROU CONG RONG Cistanche deserticola, [desert-broomrape]
ZONG KUI CAO SU Phlomis brunneogaleata

----------

[link to wprim.whocc.org.cn]

STUDIES ON THE ENHANCING EFFECT OF FOUR INTERFERON INDUCTION PROMOTERS

From:Medical Journal of Chinese People's Liberation Army 1983;0(02):-

Abstract: This paper reports four enhancing agents of interferon induction promoter in promoting induction of Namalwa cell interferon. In addition to the confirmation of the effects of the previously reported sodium butyrate and BrdU in raising interferon production by Namalwa cells, our study also shows that Acanthopanax senticosus polysaccharide, a classical Chinese herb medicine and sodium carboxyme- thyl starch possess the property of enhancing interferon production. When Namalwa cells are pre-treated with these two preparations, the mean titre of interferon is increased to 5 folds and 8-20 folds respectively. Possible operative mechanisms of this enhancement are discussed.

-------------------------


[link to subtle.net (secure)]



Some information you might find useful....

Interferon is a substance produced by the body's white cells to fight infections, cancer, allergies and toxic chemical poisoning. It can be made artificially and injected for some cancers and viral infections like HIV and hepatitis C, however there are side effects. Luckily many natural substances can activate the body's own production of interferon, including:

Astragalus: a Chinese herb that enhances the antibody reaction to foreign invaders of all types including cancer.

Boneset: a native American Indian herb with antiseptic, anti-viral properties used for the treatment of colds and flus, coughs, fevers, indigestion and pain.

Chlorophyll: a plant pigment which can be found in a long list of green leafy vegetables and algae like spirulina, chlorella and barley green.

Coenzyme Q10: an antioxidant involved in the electron transport chain needed for all energy dependent processes in the body. CoQ10 increases helper T-cells and reduces infection risk.

Echinacea: the most popular herb in North America used as a treatment for toothaches, bites or stings and all types of infections.

Ginkgo: a potent central nervous system antioxidant for the treatment of circulation disorders, memory problems, high blood pressure, depression, tinnitus and immune system disorders.

Licorice: an anti-inflammatory and anti-allergic herb used to boost energy, treat respiratory tract infections as well as female disorders, ulcers, adrenal insufficiency and congestion.

Melatonin: a hormone produced by the pineal gland with strong antioxidant and immune system boosting properties.

Milk Thistle (Silymarin): a herb most commonly recommended as a liver cleanser and complementary medical treatment for hepatitis.

Medicinal Mushrooms: Reishi, Maitake, Shiitake, Kombucha and others stimulate many aspects of the immune system including the production of interferon.

Siberian Ginseng: stimulates T-cell and B-cell activity, energy, libido, body fat burning and many stress-related conditions.

Vitamin C and bioflavonoids, especially proanthocyanidins (pycnogenols) like grape seed extract, pine bark extract and bilberry, quercetin, hesperidin and catechin are powerful antioxidants.
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STORY AT-A-GLANCE

Cellular and molecular biologist Judy Mikovits, Ph.D. believes COVID-19 — the disease — is not caused by SARS-CoV-2 alone, but rather that it’s the result of a combination of SARS-CoV-2 and XMRVs (human gammaretroviruses)
SARS-CoV-2 also appears to have been manipulated to include components of HIV that destroys immune function along with XMRVs

Those already infected with XMRVs may end up getting serious COVID-19 infection and/or die from the disease. Mikovits’s research suggests more than 30 million Americans carry XMRVs and other gammaretroviruses in their bodies from contaminated vaccines and blood supply
Mikovits believes 40 years of data suggest Type 1 interferon at very low dose would be an ideal treatment for COVID-19
RT-PCR (reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction) testing, currently used to diagnose active infection by detecting the presence of SARS-CoV-2 genetic material, overestimates infection rates. For an accurate account of COVID-19 prevalence, we need to test for antibodies
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Assessment of the pathophysiological properties of COVID-19 as a multi-organ disease
 Quoting: Jutlander


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The Vasodilatory Effects of Anti-Inflammatory Herb Medications: A Comparison Study of Four Botanical Extracts

4. Discussion
The total saponins from Actinidia arguta radix (SAA), total flavonoids from Glycyrrhizae radix et rhizoma (FGR), total coumarins from Peucedani radix (CPR), and total flavonoids from Spatholobi caulis (FSC) were extracted and used in current studies. Four anti-inflammatory herbal extracts relaxed thoracic aortic ring in a concentration-dependent manner. The rank order of the EC50 for relaxation of these extracts was as follows: Glycyrrhizae radix et rhizoma < Spatholobi caulis < Actinidia arguta radix < Peucedani radix.

5. Conclusion
The present study shows that extracts from four herbs relaxed thoracic aorta tissues isolated from rats. Glycyrrhizae radix et rhizome and Peucedani radix induced vasorelaxation independent of intact endothelium; however, their respective mechanisms of action appear to be different. Vasorelaxation induced by Peucedani radix appears to be mainly related to effects on intracellular calcium homeostasis, specifically the inhibition of Ca2+ influx and intracellular Ca2+ release. Dopa-, AngII-, Vaso-, and ET-1 induced vasoconstriction was inhibited by Glycyrrhizae radix et rhizome, but details of its mechanism of action need further study.
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Hydroxychloroquine and azithromycin plus zinc vs hydroxychloroquine and azithromycin alone: outcomes in hospitalized COVID-19 patients



Hydroxychloroquine was given at 400 mg once and then 200 mg/d thereafter, which is a lower dose than used in most other studies. Azithromycin was given at 500 mg/d. Zinc sulfate was given at 220 mg/d, which presumably refers to the total salt and represents 50 mg/d of elemental zinc.

They compared patients who used hydroxychloroquine and azithromycin with zinc to those who used hydroxychloroquine and azithromycin without zinc.

411 patients took all three treatments, while 521 took the two drugs without the zinc.

The use of zinc was not associated with any difference in length of hospital stay, duration of ventilation, or any specific settings used in ventilation.

However, zinc was associated with a 49% lower risk of either being transferred to hospice or dying, a 44% decreased chance of requiring invasive ventilation, and a 56% increased likelihood of being discharged from the hospital and released to home care.

Zinc sulfate treatment was started on March 25. When controlling for the date, the association with the use of ventilation was no longer statistically significant, but the association with lower hospice care or mortality and greater likelihood of going home remained significant.

Since everyone in this study was treated with hydroxychloroquine and azithromycin, two things are true:

This study provides no information about the use of these two drugs. It only provides information about the usefulness of zinc.
This study only provides evidence about the usefulness of zinc in the context of these two drugs. While I do not believe the usefulness of zinc is limited to that context and I doubt it is even enhanced by that context, that is nevertheless the context in which zinc was tested.


from:

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RNA-binding protein ZFP36/TTP protects against ferroptosis by regulating autophagy signaling pathway in hepatic stellate cells

Tristetraprolin (TTP), also known as zinc finger protein 36 homolog (ZFP36), is a protein that in humans, mice and rats is encoded by the ZFP36 gene.

...

A zinc finger is a small protein structural motif that is characterized by the coordination of one or more zinc ions (Zn2+) in order to stabilize the fold.


...

Cinnamon extract increases tristetraprolin and decreases vascular endothelial growth factor gene expression in mouse adipocytes

Green tea increases anti-inflammatory tristetraprolin and decreases pro-inflammatory tumor necrosis factor mRNA levels in rats




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Iron chelators

[link to www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov (secure)]

PLANT POLYPHENOLS AS MULTIFUNCTIONAL NEUROPROTECTIVE AGENTS

More to the point, polyphenols have also been reported to be successful at affecting metal homeostasis in vivo. For instance, Gao et al. showed that polyphenols baicalin and quercetin can reduce liver damage caused by iron overload in mice [68]. This section will summarize the major recent developments on plant polyphenols that chelate iron and could potentially act as neuroprotective agents against PD.

4.1. Green Tea Polyphenols
High consumption of green tea, as shown in a widely publicized cross-sectional Japanese study, appears to prevent the progressive loss of cognitive skills long associated with AD, a neurological disorder linked to metal dysregulation [69]. Green tea has a high content of catechins [70] (a subclass of polyphenols), with epigallocatechin gallate (EGCG) (Fig. 3A) estimated to account for two-thirds of catechin content [71]. As antioxidants, an in vitro study found, tea catechins could inhibit the activities of cytochrome p450 2E1, Glutathione-S-Transferase, as well as lipid peroxidation cont..


4.2. Other Polyphenols
Some polyphenols can be strong and bioavailable iron chelators. Our work on cranberry polyphenols revealed that flavonol quercetin (Fig. 3B) can completely inhibit Fenton chemistry in vitro under physiologically relevant conditions [63]. In a comparative experiment, we found that quercetin can compete with well-known cellular iron chelators ATP and citrate. The calculated apparent binding constant for the 1:1 quercetin:Fe2+ complex was found to be order of 106 M&#8722;1, suggesting that quercetin could be a strong enough chelator to affect iron homeostasis in vivo. Experiments by Gao et al. on mice [66] and more recently Bonanou et al. on HeLa and ASM cells have demonstrated that quercetin can remove intracellular iron [79]. Comparing quercetin to vitamin C, Lee et al. found that quercetin can also protect PC12 cells against hydrogen peroxide-induced oxidative stress, leading the researcher to conclude that quercetin can protect neuronal cells against oxidative-stress neurotoxicity more efficiently than vitamin C [80]. Electrospray ionization mass spectrometry (ESI-MS) studies performed by us and others suggest that many polyphenols analogous to quercetin can form complexes with both iron and copper at near physiological pH [63, 64, 81]. Polyphenols catechin, quercetin, chrysin, puerarin, naringenin, and genestein were found to protect mesencephalic dopamine neurons from apoptosis due to oxidative stress induced by MPP+, a Parkinsonism-inducing toxin [82]. In addition to this, polyphenols found in traditional Chinese medicinal plants also appear to have neuroprotective effects. In a 2000 review on traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) plants, Hostettmann et al. found that almost all the enzyme-inhibiting compounds identified in the TCM plants are phenolics, implying that these phenolic moieties were binding to the “action sites” through hydrogen bonding [83]. In another extensive review on TCM, Chen et al. showed that a number of polyphenols, such as the ones found in herbs pannax ginseng and ginkgo biloba, can protect dopamine neurons from neurotoxins MTPT and 6-OHDA in in vivo and in vitro assays [82]. Metal chelation is one of the possible mechanisms responsible for these bio-effects, the authors suggested [84]. Work in this laboratory has shown that certain bioactive polyphenols in the Asian medicinal plant Scutellaria baicalensis Georgi, are strong iron-chelators that can inhibit the Fenton reaction under physiologically relevant conditions [85].

Curcumin (Fig. 3C) is another polyphenol recently under a lot of scrutiny for its long acknowledged medicinal effects. A major bioactive polyphenolic compound, curcumin is found in the ancient Indian spice turmeric. In vitro studies have shown that curcumin can decrease the concentration of non-transferrin-bound Fe3+ from thalassemic plasma, although not as effectively as desferrioxamine [86]. The authors of this study additionally proposed that the beta-diketo moiety of curcumin is the iron-binding motif on this molecule [84]. A semi-empirical molecular orbital calculation reported by Ishihara et al. suggested that curcumin can form a 1:1 equimolar complex with ferric chloride [87]. More evidence that curcumin can act as an iron chelator was provided by Jiao et al. who observed that mice whose diets included curcumin had lower levels of iron-storage protein ferritin in the liver [88]. Studies on PC12 cells have shown that curcumin can increase cell viability against MPP+ (1-methyl-4-phenylpridinium) ions [89]. In rats injected with 6-OHDA, polyphenols curcumin and naringenin had protective effects on the dopamine levels in the striata, whereas polyphenols quercetin and fistein did not induce similar effects [90].
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Ferroptosis and necroinflammation, a yet poorly explored link

Ferroptosis is a non-apoptotic form of cell death characterized by overwhelming iron-dependent lipid peroxidation, which contributes to a number of pathologies, most notably tissue ischemia/reperfusion injury, neurodegeneration and cancer. Cysteine availability, glutathione biosynthesis, polyunsaturated fatty acid metabolism and modulation of the phospholipidome are the key events of this necrotic cell death pathway. Non-enzymatic and enzymatic lipoxygenase (LOX)-mediated lipid peroxidation of lipid bilayers is efficiently counteracted by the glutathione (GSH)/glutathione peroxidase 4 (GPX4) axis. Preliminary studies suggest that bursting ferroptotic cells release pro-inflammatory damage-associated molecular patterns (DAMPs) that trigger the innate immune system as exemplified by diseased kidney and brain tissues where ferroptosis contributes to organ demise in a predominant manner. The GSH/GPX4 node is known to control the activities of LOX and prostaglandin-endoperoxide synthase (PTGS) via the so-called peroxide tone. Since LOX and PTGS products do have pro- and anti-inflammatory effects, one may speculate that these enzymes contribute to the ferroptotic process on several levels in cell-autonomous and non-autonomous ways.
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Anti-inflammatory, 12-LOX inhibitor in hmn platelets, without affecting the levels of cyclooxygenase

Baicalin - Scutellaria
Lobaric acid - Stereocaulon alpinum - Antarctic lichen
Oroxylin A - Scutellaria
Wogonin - Scutellaria
Protolichesterinic acid - Cetraria islandica [iceland moss]
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Anti-inflammatory, 15-LOX inhibitor

Baicalin - Scutellaria
Bilobol - Ginkgo biloba
Cryptopimaric acid - Sabina vulgaris [juniper-GIN]
Lupenone - Manihot esculenta [cassava]
Lupeol - Indian gooseberry (amla), Euphorbia, silkworm, lots...
Luteolin - Broadleaf plantain, Artemisia annua, lots...
Sinensetin - Citrus,Citrus,Citrus,Citrus
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Anti-inflammatory, 5-LOX inhibitor

Acetyl-11-keto-&#946;- boswellic acid - Indian frankincense/boswellia
Cirsiliol - Artemisia annua, Salvia officinalis, Achillea fragrantissima
Hamamelitannin - sweet chestnut
Hellicoside -
Protolichesterinic acid - Iceland moss

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Table 1
Biological activity of boswellic acid against different diseases.


Diseases ----------- Mechanism/Outcome ----------- References

Arthritis ----------- v Infiltration of leucocytes
v Knee diameter
v IL-1&#946; and TLR4, ^ Synovial activation

RA-derived bone loss disease ----------- vTNF-&#945; and NF-&#954;B activity
Alzheimer’s disease ----------- ^ Reeling expression, v ROS generation

Asthma ----------- v Expression of pSTAT6 and GATA3
v Expression of pSTAT6 and GATA3

Atherosclerosis ----------- v NF-&#954;B activity
Breast cancer ----------- ^ ER/UPR response
Bladder cancer ----------- ^ Tumor cell specific cytotoxicity
Brain cancer ----------- v Phosphorylation of Erk-1 and Erk-2
^ Apoptosis

Cervical cancer ----------- ^ PARP cleavage

Colon cancer ----------- ^ let-7, CDK6, vimentin, and E-cadherin
v 4E and cyclin D1, v G2/M cell cycle
v Intestinal tumorigenesis
v Cyclin D1 and E, CDK 2 and 4
^ PARP cleavage
v Caspase-3 or caspase-8
^ Expression of SAMD14 and SMPD3
^ Apoptosis

Cognitive impairment ----------- v Glutamate level

Ehrlich tumor ----------- v NF-&#954;B and tumor growth,^ PARP cleavage
^ PARP cleavage and apoptosis
^ Tumor cell apoptosis
^ Caspase-3, and apoptosis

Glioma ----------- ^ p21 via p53-independent pathway


---------------------

Boswellic Acids and Their Role in Chronic Inflammatory Diseases.
[link to www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov (secure)]


. A major target of BAs is the immune system. Here, BEs as well as BAs including KBA and AKBA, have been shown to decrease production of proinflammatory cytokines including IL-1, IL-2, IL-6, IFN-&#947; and TNF-&#945; which finally are directed to destroy tissues such as cartilage, insulin producing cells, bronchial, intestinal and other tissues. NF&#312;B is considered to be the target of AKBA. The complex actions of BEs and BAs in inflamed areas may be completed by some effects that are localized behind the inflammatory process as such tissue destruction. In this case, in vitro- and animal studies have shown that BAs and BEs suppress proteolytic activity of cathepsin G, human leucocyte elastase, formation of oxygen radicals and lysosomal enzymes.
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Traditionally used herbal medicines with antibacterial effect...

Acetyl-11-keto-b-boswellic acid (AKBA) is the most potent antibacterial component of boswellic acids obtained from the oleo gum resin of BS. It has been investigated for inhibitory effect on oral cavity pathogens in Raja et al.,[51] study. AKBA had MIC of 2 &#956;g/ml against Streptococcus mutans ATCC 25175, Actinomyces viscosus ATCC 15987 and S. sanguinis ATCC 10556. In addition, it had MIC of 4 &#956;g/ml against Enterococcus faecalis ATCC 29212, Enterococcus faecium ATCC 8042, Prevotella intermedia ATCC 25611 and Porphyromonas gingivalis ATCC 33277. They also reported that AKBA can produce post-antibiotic effect for 5.7 ± 0.1 h at 2 × MIC. Furthermore, biofilms generated by S. mutans and A. viscosus were inhibited by AKBA. They proposed that AKBA is of great value to be used in mouthwashes




Sequencing data (N=3) shows Wuhan coronavirus integration in bacteria (Prevotella mostly). Sequencing artifact - or is the virus infecting both bacterial and human cells?

damned


How did this happen?
Bacteriophages integrate into bacteria naturally (provirus) [7] - however, they have a different mechanism for
entry into human cells [8]. Coronaviruses were being edited in Wuhan using CRISPR, at the exact NTerminal
of the spike protein [9–12]. which is very different [13, 14] in nCoV from other coronaviruses [15, 16]. The
changes in the spike protein may have enabled the virus to infect both bacterial and human cells.



[link to www.researchgate.net (secure)]
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Table 1 Natural anti-biofilm agents and their molecular mechanisms in anti-biofilm effects

N-(Heptylsulfanylacetyl)-L-homoserine lactone (Garlic extract) ----------- Transcriptional regulators LuxR and LasR ----------- P. aeruginosa ----------- Decreased elaboration of virulence factors and reduced production of QS signals ----------- [23,24,25]
Ethyl acetate fraction of Cocculus trilobus ----------- Sortase ----------- Gram positives bacteria ----------- Exerted anti-adhesin effects at the adhesion stage of biofilm formation ----------- [26]
Polyphenols (Cranberry) ----------- Glucan-binding proteins, enzymes involved in biofilm formation ----------- Cariogenic and periodontopathogenic bacteria ----------- Affected the destruction of the extracellular matrix, carbohydrate production, bacterial hydrophobicity, proteolytic activities and coaggregation which involved in biofilm formation ----------- [27,28,29,30,31]
Patriniae ----------- Biofilm-associated genes ----------- P. aeruginosa ----------- Inhibited biofilm formation and reduced exopolysaccharide production ----------- [32]
Ginkgolic acids ----------- Curli genes and prophage genes ----------- E. coli O157:H7 ----------- Inhibited biofilm formation on the surfaces of glass, polystyrene and nylon membranes ----------- [33, 34]
Cinnamaldehyde ----------- DNA-binding ability of LuxR ----------- E. coli and Vibrio spp. ----------- Affected biofilm formation and structure, the swimming motility, stress response and virulence ----------- [35, 36]
Phloretin ----------- Toxin genes (hlyE and stx(2)), autoinducer-2 importer genes (lsrACDBF), curli genes (csgA and csgB), and prophage genes in E. coli O157:H7 ----------- E. coli O157:H7 ----------- Reduced biofilm formation and fimbria production ----------- [37]
Phloretin ----------- Efflux protein genes ----------- S. aureus RN4220 and SA1199B ----------- Anti-biofilm formation at low concentration (1–256 &#956;g/ml) ----------- [38]
Isolimonic acid ----------- luxO and AI-3/epinephrine activated cell–cell signaling pathway ----------- Vibrio harveyi ----------- Interfered with cell–cell signaling and biofilm formation ----------- [39, 40]
Hordenine ----------- QS-related genes ----------- P. aeruginosa ----------- Blocked QS-controlled phenotypes like biofilm formation and reduced virulence factors ----------- [41, 42]
Quercetin ----------- SrtA ----------- Streptococcus pneumoniae ----------- Blocked function of SrtA, affect sialic acid production and impair biofilm formation ----------- [49]
Quercetin ----------- LasI, LasR, RhlI and RhlR ----------- P. aeruginosa ----------- Inhibited biofilm formation and production of virulence factors ----------- [44,45,46,47,48]
Quercetin ----------- pH ----------- S. mutans ----------- Disrupted the pH in biofilm ----------- [50]
Quercetin ----------- Glycolytic, protein translation-elongation and protein folding pathways ----------- Enterococcus faecalis ----------- Blocked glycolytic, protein translation-elongation and protein folding pathways ----------- [51]
Methanolic fraction of Zingiber officinale ----------- The virulence genes, F-ATPase activity, surface protein antigen SpaP ----------- S. mutans ----------- Inhibition of surface protein antigen SpaP and inhibitory effect on cell-surface hydrophobicity index of S. mutans ----------- [53]
Ethanolic extract of P. betle leaf (PbLE) ----------- Pyocyanin ----------- P. aeruginosa strain PAO1 ----------- Inhibition of Pyocyanin production and reduction of swarming, swimming, and twitching ability of the bacteria by PbLE extract ----------- [54]
Bergenia crassifolia (L.) leaf extract ----------- Gtfs, EPSs ----------- S. mutans ----------- Decreased the adherence property of S. mutans through inhibiting Gtfs to synthesize EPSs ----------- [55]
Ethanol extract from Rhodomyrtus tomentosa ----------- Not investigated ----------- S. aureus, Staphylococcus epidermidis ----------- Inhibited staphylococcal biofilm formation and killed mature biofilm ----------- [56]
Extract of Hymenocallis littoralis leaves ----------- Adhesin proteins, SrtA and Als3 ----------- S. aureus NCIM 2654 and C. albicans NCIM 3466 ----------- Antimicrobial, anti-biofilm formation and antioxidant activities ----------- [57]
Polyphenolic extract (Epigallocatechin-3-gallate) from Camellia sinesis ----------- Not investigated ----------- Stenotrophomonas maltophilia (sm) isolated from cystic fibrosis (CF) ----------- Reduced bacterial cell viability in biofilm in vitro and significantly reduced Sm bacterial counts in an acute infection model with wild type and CF mice ----------- [58]
Polyphenolic extract from Rosa rugose tea ----------- QS-controlled violacein factors ----------- Chromobacterium violaceum 026, E. coli K-12 and P. aeruginosa PAO1 ----------- Inhibited swarming motility and biofilm formation ----------- [59]
Erianin ----------- SrtA ----------- S. aureus ----------- Downregulated SrtA, thereby inhibited cell adhesion ----------- [60]
Isovitexin ----------- SpA ----------- USA300 ----------- Reduced SpA and inhibited biofilm formation ----------- [61]
Parthenolide ----------- LasI, RhlI, LasR, RhlR, and extracellular polymeric substance ----------- P. aeruginosa PAO1 ----------- Inhibited QS related genes expression including LasI/LasR and RhlI/RhlR and downregulated extracellular polymeric substance ----------- [62]
Extract of Chamaemelum nobile flowers ----------- Not investigated ----------- P. aeruginosa PAO1 and strains isolated from patients ----------- Inhibition of bacteria swarming and biofilm formation ----------- [76]
Wheat-bran ----------- AHL ----------- S. aureus ----------- Inhibition of QS and biofilm formation through downregulating AHLs level ----------- [77]
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Anti-biofilm activity of TanReQing, a Traditional Chinese Medicine used for the treatment of acute pneumonia

Conclusions
This study shows for the first time that TRQ possesses an antibiotic activity against biofilm bacteria. This activity is different from that of penicillin. The evaluation system applied in this study can be utilized for identifying new anti-biofilm products from Traditional Chinese Medicine.

Tanreqing :

Scutellariae baicalensis, -skullcap
Fel selenarcti,
Cornu naemorhedi,
Flos lonicerae - Honeysuckle flower
Forsythiae fructus - forsythia
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Lithospermum erythrorhizon
Deoxyshikonin
BORAGE

Shikonin = Alkannin





GLP