Why the Mayan Long Count Calendar Ends 12/16/13 NOT 12/21/12

From my research I believe I have figured out the true end date. If anyone would like to refute or challenge it, go ahead, but facts are facts, and it is pretty hard to argue with the true calendar as shown below.

This comes from the book by Geoff Stray, 'Beyond 2012', he says:


Quote:
"In 1950, Thompson did a final reexamination of Goodman's work, combining it with the latest findings and settled on the #584283 correlation (GMT). This puts the start of the 13-baktun cycle (day 0.0.0.0.0) on August 11, 3114 BC and the end date (known as 13.0.0.0.0) on Dec. 21st, 2012 AD...To calculate periods of time that traverse the start of our calendar at the theoretical birth of Christ, you have to add an extra year to the calculation because we have no 'year zero' in the Gregorian historical year. Since the 18th century, astronomers calculating past the BC-AD divide have used their own convention so that they don't have to add the extra year to calculations. Originally they differentiated their system by calling it the "Gregorian astronomical" as opposed to the "Gregorian historical' system. Later they abbreviated it to just using a minus sign. Thus, the thirteen-baktun cycle started in 3113 BC or (August 11th, 3113 BC) astronomical, or year -3113, both of which are equivalent to 3114 BC historical. The only problem is that some Mayanists (I am still researching who and when) forgot to include the "astronomical" tag on their 3113 BC start date, or the "historical' tag on their 3114 BC start date. Others assumed that 3114 BC was an astronomical date, did not add a year, and miscalculated an end date of 2011. Some researches made the alternative mistake of taking the 3113 BC date as a historical date, added an extra year, and miscalculated an end date of 2013"


So that solves it right there. The Gregorian to Mayan Long Count converter tools ( [link to www.diagnosis2012.co.uk] are including Year 0 in the calculations, and going by an astronomical numbering system (-2,-1,0,1, 2). The GMT doesn't include year 0 and those goes by a historical Gregorian or Julian year system. (2 BC, 1 BC, 1 AD , 2 AD). An astronomical numbering system is more correct when dealing with eclipses, time, etc. Thus, 3113 BC or August 11th, 3113 BC is a more correct beginning date than August, 11th, 3114 BC since it includes astronomical year 0 in its equation.


Quote:
"Astronomical year numbering is based on AD (Anno Domini)/CE (Common Era) year numbering, but follows normal decimal integer numbering more strictly. Thus, it has a year 0, the years before that are designated with negative numbers and the years after that are designated with positive numbers.[1]

Astronomers designate years prior to 1 A.D. by means of zero and negative numbers, according to the sequence of numbers ..., -2, -1, 0, 1, 2, .... Between the year 1 and the year -1 there occurs the year 0. Thus astronomers adopt the following convention:
1 A.D. = 1 C.E. = year 1
1 B.C. = 1 B.C.E. = year 0
2 B.C. = 2 B.C.E. = year -1 and so on

The system is so named due to its use in astronomy. Few other disciplines outside history deal with the time before year 1, exceptions being dendrochronology, archaeology and geology, the latter two of which use 'years before the present'. Although the absolute numerical values of astronomical and historical years only differ by one before year 1, this difference is critical when calculating astronomical events like eclipses or planetary conjunctions to determine when historical events which mention them occurred.

A Year zero does not exist in the widely used Gregorian calendar or in its predecessor, the Julian calendar. Under those systems, the year 1 BC is followed by AD 1. However, the year zero in astronomical year numbering (where it coincides with the Julian year 1 BC) and in ISO 8601:2004 (where it coincides with the Gregorian year 1 BC)."

Maya historiography

"Many Maya historians, but not all, assume (or used to assume) that a year 0 exists in the modern calendar and thus specify that the epoch of the Mesoamerican Long Count calendar occurred in 3113 BC rather than 3114 BC. This would require the sequence 1 BC, 0, AD 1 as in early astronomical years."

[link to en.wikipedia.org] ... _numbering

[link to www.absoluteastronomy.com] ... _numbering



And what I find extremely interesting that their Tzolkin sacred 260-day calendar had two very important numbers related to it that determines time. The numbers were 13 and 20. There were 13 sacred numbers which were combined with 20 day signs. Each day sign and each number is associated with a particular god, so that every one of the 260 days consists of a unique combination of two influences or "energetic qualities". Upon completion of the 13 sacred numbers combining it with the 20 day signs, it always comes out to be 13 Ahau. Now here is the kicker that I believe has not been figured out. 13/20 = .65. Pretty close to that Phi number. And then I thought, ah ha! It is at the very end of the 20 day completion, that Phi magic happens. 13/20.9999999999 = ~ .618

As explained by Maya expert John Major Jenkins:


Quote:
"The word tzolkin refers to the sacred cycle of 260 days which is the centerpiece of a sophisticated calendar system developed almost 3000 years ago by the indigenous people of Mesoamerica. TheClassic Maya civilization (200 A.D. to 900 A.D.) brought this system to its highest and most profound expression. They utilized the tzolkin cycle and the solar year cycle to predict eclipses, planetary motion, and to schedule agricultural activities. [...]

The "key" to the Venus Calendar of the Maya is the 260-day tzolkin cycle. The framework of days created by the tzolkin cycle allowed the ancient Maya to predict exactly when Venus would rise as morningstar. The full "Venus Round" period created by the combination of tzolkin, Venus cycle and solar year, amounts to just under 104 years. Evidence concerning the details of this system are contained in the Dresden Codex, one of the few remaining Mayan books. [...]

My work proposes that the Maya discovered and incorporated universal principles into their calendric philosophy. Perhaps I should be a little less cryptic and explain exactly what I mean. The Golden Proportion is a unique ratio responsible for the generation of self-same similarity in nature. "Self-same similarity" refers to an organism or process which replicates itself based upon its previous form. For example, seashells or pine cones tend to grow by replicating the same pattern over and over; these forms are typically spiral shaped. But self-same similarity is not limited to spirals. Tree branching, human reproduction and cell mitosis are processes ruled by self-same similarity. The specific mathematical growth pattern followed in these processes is governed by the Golden Proportion (symbolized by the Greek letter f; PHI). The Pythagorean school of thought believed that the celestial order was determined by the Golden Proportion. It is also one of the foundation principles of ancient Egyptian Sacred Science. [...]
I argue in my book Tzolkin that the Golden Proportion is at the core of the tzolkin's mathematical and philosophical dynamics which connect human unfolding with the planets (the subject-object interface). [...] In this way the Golden Proportion, like the tzolkin, provides a connection between organic spirals in nature (including the "spiral-unfolding" of gestation), and planetary cycles such as the 5:8 Sun/Venus ratio. For readers unfamiliar with this amazing fact, this is just to say that Venus passes through exactly 5 morning star risings every 8 years. 5:8, like 13:20, is a PHI ratio. [...]

So the Golden Proportion is one of the "universal principles" which the Maya seem to have intuited and incorporated into the structure of the tzolkin calendar. This is the central insight opening the way to a more detailed discussion of the "core principles" of Mayan Time Philosophy. That these "core principles" are universal is, in itself, a breakthrough in our understanding of the Mayan calendar."

[link to www.goroadachi.com]



So I got to thinking more, how often does this 13 Ahau come up in the Long Count? Well....


Quote:
"The Maya numeral system was essentially vigesimal (i.e., base-20), and each unit of a given position represented 20 times the unit of the position which preceded it. An important exception was made for the second-order place value, which instead represented 18 × 20, or 360 days, more closely approximating the solar year than would 20 × 20 = 400 days. It should be noted however that the cycles of the Long Count are independent of the solar year.

The tzolk'in calendar combines a cycle of twenty named days with another cycle of thirteen numbers (the trecena), to produce 260 unique days (i.e., 20 × 13 = 260). Each successive named day was numbered from 1 up to 13 and then starting again at 1."

[link to en.wikipedia.org]


Again, the tzolkin calendar combines a cycle of 20 named days with another cycle of thirteen numbers. As mentioned before, it cycles over again, the 20 named days, once 20 is complete. Thus, 13/20.9999999 = ~.618

When combining 20 named days with the cycle of 13 numbers, it produces 260 unique days. Bare in mind named day 20 is Ahau (Sun Lord). Thus, when all combinations of 20 named days with the cycle of 13 numbers are completed, it produces 13 Ahau, maximum completion, then the cycle starts over again. Lets have a look:

Dec. 16th, 2013 (13 Ahau)

-(minus) 260 days =

March 31st, 2013 (13 Ahau)

-(minus) 260 days =

July 14th, 2012 (13 Ahau)

-(minus) 260 days =

Oct. 28th, 2011 (13 Ahau) That date might look familiar, which is Carl Calleman's end date


Quote:
"Starting at ‘year zero’ – the very beginning of a Long Count period - the read-out of the calendar was set at: 0.0.0.0.0. When each value was numerically accomplished to its maximum, it would then reset to ‘0’ and the total would be carried forward into the next time cycle to its left. For example, 19 days from the beginning of a long count period would read 0.0.0.0.19. Upon day twenty, the read-out would be given as 0.0.0.1.0. Likewise, after exactly 18 Uinals (20 * 18) had been achieved, the Mayan calendar would read 0.0.1.0.0."

[link to www.ancient-world-mysteries.com]


As it says above, when each value was achieved to its maximum it would reset to '0'. So again, upon day twenty maximum completion, the read out would be given as 0.0.0.1.0. And as shown above, once the 18 Uinals x 20 reached maximum completion, it would read 0.0.1.0.0. AH HA FOR 13 Ahau!

Maximum completion when it reaches 0.0.1.0.0 like 13.0.1.0.0 for Dec. 16th, 2013 NOT MAXIMUM COMPLETION when it reads 13.0.0.0.0

Again, 13 divided by end of maximum completion of 20 number days = ~.618 Phi!

The Ahaus Lining Up to 13 Ahau Completion on Dec. 16th, 2013 by the 13 baktuns or 144,000 days for each baktun.

Dec 16th, 2013 13.0.1.0.0 (13 Ahau)

144,000 days earlier...

Sept. 13th, 1619 12.0.1.0.0 (1 Ahau)

144,000 days earlier and so on...

June 10th, 1225 11.0.1.0.0 (2 Ahau)

March 8th, 831 10.0.1.0.0 (3 Ahau)

Dec. 3rd, 436 9.0.1.0.0 (4 Ahau)

Aug. 31st 42 8.0.1.0.0 (5 Ahau)

May 28th, -352 B.C. 7.0.1.0.0 (6 Ahau)

Feb. 23rd -746 B.C. 6.0.1.0.0 (7 Ahau)

Nov. 21st -1141 B.C. 5.0.1.0.0 (8 Ahau)

Aug. 18th -1535 B.C. 4.0.1.0.0 (9 Ahau)

May 16th -1929 B.C. 3.0.1.0.0 (10 Ahau)

Feb. 10th -2323 B.C. 2.0.1.0.0 (11 Ahau)

Nov. 8th -2718 B.C. 1.0.1.0.0 (12 Ahau)

August 5th -3112 B.C. 0.0.1.0.0 (13 Ahau) (YEAR 1)

Aug. 11th, -3113 B.C. 0.0.0.0.0 (4 Ahau) (ZERO YEAR)

You can see then when it starts on August 5th, -3112 B.C. (13 Ahau) and you go baktun by baktun (144,000 days each) it goes up the ladder perfectly. 13 Ahau, 12 Ahau, 11 Ahau, 10 Ahau, and so on, until it reaches 13 cycle baktun completion on Dec. 16th, 2013 and 13 Ahau, It doesn’t equate if you compute it with the base of Dec. 21st, 2012 as shown below:

Dec 21st, 2012 13.0.0.0.0 (4 Ahau)

Sept. 18th, 1618 12.0.0.0.0 (5 Ahau)

June 15th, 1224 11.0.0.0.0 (6 Ahau)

March 13th, 830 10.0.0.0.0 (7 Ahau)

Dec. 9th, 435 9.0.0.0.0 (8 Ahau)

Sept. 5th, 41 8.0.0.0.0 (9 Ahau)

June 3rd, -353 B.C. 7.0.0.0.0 (10 Ahau)

Feb. 28th -747 B.C. 6.0.0.0.0 (11 Ahau)

Nov. 26th -1142 B.C. 5.0.0.0.0 (12 Ahau)

Aug. 23rd -1536 B.C. 4.0.0.0.0 (13 Ahau)

May 21st -1930 B.C. 3.0.0.0.0 (1 Ahau)

Feb. 16th -2324 B.C. 2.0.0.0.0 (2 Ahau)

Nov. 13th -2719 B.C. 1.0.0.0.0 (3 Ahau)

August 5th -3112 B.C. 0.0.1.0.0 (13 Ahau) (YEAR 1)

Aug. 11th, -3113 B.C. 0.0.0.0.0 (4 Ahau) (ZERO YEAR)

Looking at it another way:

20 kins equal 1 uinal or 20 days
18 uinals equal 1 tun or 360 days
20 tuns equal 1 katun or 7,200 days
20 katuns equal 1 baktun or 144,000 days

[link to www.hanksville.org]

Dec. 16th, 2013 minus 1,872,000 days or 144,000 days x 13 baktun cycles = August 11th, 3113 BC (13 Ahau) All 13 katuns completed!

Dec. 16th, 2013 minus 93,600 days or 7,200 days x 13 cycle katuns = Sept. 9th, 1757 (13 Ahau) All 13 Katuns completed!

Dec. 16th, 2013 minus 4680 days or 360 days x 13 cycle tuns = Feb. 22nd, 2001 (13 Ahau) All 13 Tuns completed!

Dec. 16th, 2013 minus 260 days or 20 days x 13 cycle uinals = March 31st, 2013 (13 Ahau) All 13 Uinals completed!

You see, all the gears rotate perfectly this way. It can't be done if you compute it by Dec. 21st, 2012

If you do compute it by Dec. 21st, 2012 it would look like this:

Dec. 21st, 2012 minus 1,872,000 days or 144,000 days x 13 baktun cycles = August 16th, 3114 BC (8 Ahau) NOT all 13 katuns completed!

Dec. 21st, 2012 minus 93,600 days or 7,200 days x 13 cycle katuns = Sept. 14, 1756 (4 Ahau) NOT all 13 Katuns completed!

Dec. 21st, 2012 minus 4680 days or 360 days x 13 cycle tuns = Feb. 28th, 2000 (4 Ahau) NOT all 13 Tuns completed!

Dec. 21st, 2012 minus 260 days or 20 days x 13 cycle uinals = April 5th, 2012 (4 Ahau) NOT all 13 Uinals completed!