Clinical management of severe acute respiratory infection (SARI) when COVID-19 disease is suspected *notes to self

[link to pubs.acs.org (secure)]

Table 2. Directly-Binding HMGb1 and HMGb1-Receptor Small-Molecule and Peptide-Based Antagonists



inhibitor target/targeted region (measured affinity) ref

glycyrrhizin HMGb1 (A and B box)
methotrexate HMGb1, Al and Bj regions
metformin HMGb1 (78)
inflachromene (1d) HMGb1 and HMGb2 (68)
compounds 2j and 2l HMGb1 (73)
(inflachromene derivatives) (order of potency: 2j > 2l > 1d)
EGCG (green tea) HMGb1, Cys106 region (77)
salicylic acid (SA) and analogues HMGb1,
heparin (glycolipid) HMGb1, amino acid residues 6–12 (KD = 4.5 nM) (70,152)
eritoran (glycolipid) TLR4 via MD2, *no effect in phase III clinical study of severe sepsis (153)
FP7 (glycolipid) TLR4 via MD-2/CD-14 (154)
TAK-242 TLR4/TIR domain, phase III study suspended reviewed in ref (155)
TAPs (peptide-based) TLR4/MD-2 (TAP2/MD2-TLR4, KD = 5.95 μM) (156)
MNP TLR4 dimerization (157)
M2000 TLR2/4 (158)
P5779 (peptidomimetic) (TLR4) via MD-2-Tyr102 (with MD2 Kd = 0.65 μM) (79)
ZINC library compounds TLR4/MD-2 (159,160)
(virtual screen > in vitro confirmation)
azeliragon (Pf04494700) RAGE-amyloid β interaction,
FPS-ZM1 RAGE/V-domain
A box (peptide) RAGE, TLR? (39,164,165)
R2F8 RAGE-HMGb1 interaction
S100-based peptides RAGE-HMGb1 interaction

[link to thefullest.com (secure)]

Natural Protocols for SARS-group Viral Infections, Including COV-19
The rationale here is to find plants that will counteract the actions of the SARS-group of viruses, then to cross correlate those in order to choose the plants that are present in most categories of action and that have a tradition of use for these kinds of infections. What is needed are plants that have the following actions:

1) Plants specifically antiviral for the SARS-group of viruses; the strongest known so far are Scutellaria baicalensis (Chinese skullcap root), Houttuynia spp, Isatis spp, Glycyrrhiza spp (licorice), Forsythia suspensa (the fruit), Sophora flavescens, and Lycoris radiata (extremely potent). Lonicera japonica and Polygonum cuspidatum are also effective as antivirals for coronaviruses as a group.

2) Block viral attachment to ACE-2 linkages. Specific for this are Glycyrrhiza spp (licorice), Scutellaria baicalensis (Chinese skullcap root), Sambucus spp (elder), luteolin, Aesculus hippocastanum (horse chestnut), Polygonum cuspidatum (Japanese knotweed root), Rheum officinale, and plants high in procyanidins and lectins (e.g. Cinnamomum, i.e. cinnamon).

3) Upregulate and protect ACE-2 expression, increase its activity (esp in the aged), and lower Ang-2. Herbs specific for this are Pueria spp (kudzu), Salvia miltiorrhiza (Dan shen), and Ginkgo biloba. Use ACE inhibitors (in contrast to ACE-2 upregulators) to increase the presence of ACE-2 and help protect the lungs from injury: Crataegus spp (hawthorn) and Pueraria spp (kudzu) are specific.

4) Modulate cytokine responses (Salvia miltorrhiza), including the lowering of TGF levels [Angelica sinensis (dong quai), Astragalus monghilicus], regulating HMGB1 (Salvia miltiorrhiza), and reducing IL-1b [Polygonum cuspidatum (Japanese knotweed), Scutellaria baicalensis (Chinese skullcap), Cordyceps spp, Pueraria (kudzu), and Eupatorium perfoliatum (boneset)].

5) Protect lung cells from hypoxia (Rhodiola spp).

6) Protect the cilia (Cordyceps spp, olive oil and leaf, any berberinecontaining plants, and Bidens pilosa).

7) Reduce autoimmunity and increase healthy immune function (Rhodiola, Astragalus spp, Cordyceps spp).

8) Protect endothelial cells (Polygonum cuspidatum – Japanese knotweed root).

9) Protect spleen and lymph system [Ceanothus spp (red root), Phytolacca (poke root), Scutellaria baicalensis (Chinese skullcap root), Salvia miltiorrhiza, Bidens pilosa].

10) Stimulate DC maturation (Cordyceps spp) and increase T cell counts [Glycyrrhiza spp (licorice), Ceanothus (red root), Sambucus spp (elder), and zinc].

Suggested Protocols
General protective: Shuanghuanglian formulation




snip.....

Here's my 10-day home treatment:
Chloroquine 500mg x 2 (per day)
Z-Pack (azithromycin) 500 milligrams (per day)
Zinc 225 milligrams (per day)
Vitamin C - 3000mg x 2 (per day)

Fantastic.

Im on Vit C lipo 3000mg x 2 for over a month now.

Zinc just moderate dose mixed with Matcha powder in a smoothie - young son also takes this daily. Add L-lysine to this... yum

The chloroquine phospate I have is 250mg x 2
[link to www.medicines.org.uk (secure)]
(saving this for shtf)

Need to source anti-bios, hard in the UK without doctor help

also chugging low dose andrographis tincture, and chaga tincture.

Have chichona bark brewing in vodka, need to research dose and maybe start micro-dosing

now need to source anti parasite drug (other than Chloroquine - my last resort as cant get more)

licorice tea with peppermint leaf daily...

full spectrum mins and vits daily + NAC

rotating herbal pills
ginseng,ginko, bromelain, stinging nettle, hesperedin, skullcap

to watch later

Anaerobic infection


The clinically important anaerobes in decreasing frequency are:[2] 1. Six genera of Gram-negative rods (Bacteroides, Prevotella,


wiki

Management
Recovery from an anaerobic infection depends on adequate and rapid management. The main principles of managing anaerobic infections are neutralizing the toxins produced by anaerobic bacteria, preventing the local proliferation of these organisms by altering the environment and preventing their dissemination and spread to healthy tissues.

Toxin can be neutralized by specific antitoxins, mainly in infections caused by Clostridia (tetanus and botulism). Controlling the environment can be attained by draining the pus, surgical debriding of necrotic tissue, improving blood circulation, alleviating any obstruction and by improving tissue oxygenation. Therapy with hyperbaric oxygen (HBO) may also be useful. The main goal of antimicrobials is in restricting the local and systemic spread of the microorganisms.

The available parenteral antimicrobials for most infections are metronidazole, clindamycin, chloramphenicol, cefoxitin, a penicillin (i.e. ticarcillin, ampicillin, piperacillin) and a beta-lactamase inhibitor (i.e. clavulanic acid, sulbactam, tazobactam), and a carbapenem (imipenem, meropenem, doripenem, ertapenem).[58] An antimicrobial effective against Gram-negative enteric bacilli (i.e. aminoglycoside) or an anti-pseudomonal cephalosporin (i.e. cefepime ) are generally added to metronidazole, and occasionally cefoxitin when treating intra-abdominal infections to provide coverage for these organisms. Clindamycin should not be used as a single agent as empiric therapy for abdominal infections. Penicillin can be added to metronidazole in treating of intracranial, pulmonary and dental infections to provide coverage against microaerophilic streptococci, and Actinomyces.[59]

Oral agents adequate for polymicrobial oral infections include the combinations of amoxicillin plus clavulanate, clindamycin and metronidazole plus a macrolide. Penicillin can be added to metronidazole in the treating dental and intracranial infections to cover Actinomyces spp., microaerophilic streptococci, and Arachnia spp. A macrolide can be added to metronidazole in treating upper respiratory infections to cover S. aureus and aerobic streptococci. Penicillin can be added to clindamycin to supplement its coverage against Peptostreptococcus spp. and other Gram-positive anaerobic organisms.[60]

Doxycycline is added to most regimens in the treatment of pelvic infections to cover chlamydia and mycoplasma. Penicillin is effective for bacteremia caused by non-beta lactamase producing bacteria. However, other agents should be used for the therapy of bacteremia caused by beta-lactamase producing bacteria.

Because the length of therapy for anaerobic infections is generally longer than for infections due to aerobic and facultative anaerobic bacteria, oral therapy is often substituted for parenteral treatment. The agents available for oral therapy are limited and include amoxacillin plus clavulanate, clindamycin, chloramphenicol and metronidazole.

In 2010 the Surgical Infection Society and Infectious Diseases Society of America updated joint guidelines for the treatment of abdominal infections.[61] The recommendations suggest the following:

For mild-to-moderate community-acquired infections in adults, the agents recommended for empiric regimens are: ticarcillin- clavulanate, cefoxitin, ertapenem, moxifloxacin, or tigecycline as single-agent therapy or combinations of metronidazole with cefazolin, cefuroxime, ceftriaxone, cefotaxime, levofloxacin, or ciprofloxacin. Agents no longer recommended are: cefotetan and clindamycin ( Bacteroides fragilis group resistance) and ampicillin-sulbactam (E. coli resistance) and ainoglycosides (toxicity).

For high risk community-acquired infections in adults, the agents recommended for empiric regimens are: meropenem, imipenem-cilastatin, doripenem, piperacillin-tazobactam, ciprofloxacin or levofloxacin in combination with metronidazole, or ceftazidime or cefepime in combination with metronidazole. Quinolones should not be used unless hospital surveys indicate >90% susceptibility of E. coli to quinolones.

Aztreonam plus metronidazole is an alternative, but addition of an agent effective against gram-positive cocci is recommended. The routine use of an aminoglycoside or another second agent effective against gram-negative facultative and aerobic bacilli is not recommended in the absence of evidence that the infection is caused by resistant organisms that require such therapy. Empiric use of agents effective against enterococci is recommended and agents effective against methicillin-resistant S. aureus (MRSA) or yeast is not recommended in the absence of evidence of infection due to such organisms.

Empiric antibiotic therapy for health care-associated intra-abdominal should be driven by local microbiologic results. Empiric coverage of likely pathogens may require multidrug regimens that include agents with expanded spectra of activity against gram-negative aerobic and facultative bacilli. These include meropenem, imipenem-cilastatin, doripenem, piperacillin-tazobactam, or ceftazidime or cefepime in combination with metronidazole. Aminoglycosides or colistin may be required.

Antimicrobial regimens for children include an aminoglycoside-based regimen, a carbapenem (imipenem, meropenem, or ertapenem), a beta-lactam/beta-lactamase-inhibitor combination (piperacillin-tazobactam or ticarcillin-clavulanate), or an advanced-generation cephalosporin (cefotaxime, ceftriaxone, ceftazidime, or cefepime) with metronidazole.

Clinical judgment, personal experience, safety and patient compliance should direct the physician in the choice of the appropriate antimicrobial agents. The length of therapy generally ranges between 2 and 4 weeks, but should be individualized depending on the response. In some instances treatment may be required for as long as 6–8 weeks, but can often be shortened with proper surgical drainage.

[link to scielo.isciii.es]

Lung abscesses due to Prevotella oralis and Prevotella ruminicola in an HIV patient



Clin Infect Dis. 1993 Jun;16 Suppl 4:S248-55.
Anaerobic bacterial infections of the lung and pleural space.
[link to www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov (secure)]

Chloroquine Enhances Survival in Bacillus anthracis Intoxication

[link to academic.oup.com (secure)]

Thread: CoViD-19 May be a blood disease!

COVID-19 causes prolonged and progressive hypoxia (starving your body of oxygen) by binding to the heme groups in hemoglobin in your red blood cells. People are simply desaturating (losing o2 in their blood), and that’s what eventually leads to organ failures that kill them, not any form of ARDS or pneumonia.


[link to twitter.com (secure)]

We are treating the wrong disease in the wrong way! Please read and understand what #Coronavirus is/does to the red blood cells and why #Hydroxychloroquine corrects it!

[link to www.godlikeproductions.com]

COVID-19 BACTERIAL GENUS REVEALED? IS THIS BACTERIA INCREASING THE VIRULENCE OF COVID-19

[link to plumdragonherbs.com (secure)]

[link to cfsremission.com (secure)]



Decreasing Prevotella genus


INHIBITED BY
B -Glucan
Jerualem artichoke
Resistant starch (type IV)
Whole-grain barley
Low carbohydrate diet
Chicory
Epicatechin
(+)-Catechin
Inulin
Resveratrol
Dopamine

ENHANCED BY

Epinephrine
Cranberry bean flour
Red wine
Heme
Berberine
Cranberry bean flour [parent]
L-citrulline
Mediterranean diet
Flaxseed
Saccharomyces boulardii
High carbohydrate diet




Bottom Line
No Lactobacillus salivarius
No Lactobacillus gasseri
No Lactobacillus casei
No Lactobacillus rhamnosus GG.
No Rosemary

good:

Bifidobacterium bifidum strain Bb probiotics
Streptococcus probiotics
Lactobacillus reuteri
Lactobacillus brevis (L. brevis is found in food such as sauerkraut)
E.Coli probiotics
Vitamin D supplementation
grape seed extract (Resveratrol)
Jerusalem artichoke
Resistant starch (type IV)
Whole-grain barley
Low carbohydrate diet
Chicory
Inulin
niacin



PubMed Data
There are 4700+ studies on PubMed. A lot of these are associated with oral/dental health.

[link to www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov (secure)]

Rapid screening and identification of active ingredients in licorice extract interacting with V3 loop region of HIV-1 gp120 using ACE and CE-MS.

In this research, two mixtures from licorice extract were found to be active. Furthermore, glycyrrhizin and licorice saponin G2 were verified as the main ingredients that significantly interacted with R15K via CE-MS and LC-MS. The results of quantitative assays showed that the active mixture contained glycyrrhizin of 74.23% and licorice saponin G2 of 9.52%. Calculated by Scatchard analysis method, glycyrrhizin/R15K complex had the highest binding constant (1.69 ± 0.08) × 10(7)L/mol among 27 compounds isolated from licorice extract. The anti-HIV activity of glycyrrhizin was further confirmed by bioactive experiment of cellular level. This strategy might provide a high throughput screening and identifying platform for seeking HIV-1 inhibitors in natural products.

50-100mg per kg bodyweight

Thread: A little Herb Summary vs COVID-19

From China TCM

Prescription 1 for prevention

Huang Qi -----> Astragalus membranaceus
Fang Feng -----> Ledebouriella divaricata
Bai Zhu -----> Atractylodes macrocephala
Huo Xiang -----> Agastache rugosa
Jin Yin Hua -----> Lonicera japonica
Lian Qiao -----> Forsythia suspensa
Gan Cao -----> Glycyrrhiza uralensis
Chen Pi -----> Citrus reticulata


Prescription 2 for relieving the symptoms

Bai Zhu -----> Atractylodes macrocephala
Ban Xia -----> Pinellia ternata
Chai Hu -----> Bupleurum chinensis
Chen Pi -----> Citrus reticulata
Da Zao -----> Ziziphus jujuba
Fang Feng -----> Ledebouriella divaricata
Gan Cao -----> Glycyrrhiza uralensis
Guan Zhong -----> Dryopteris crassirhizoma
Huang Qi -----> Astragalus membranaceus
Huang Qin -----> Scutellaria baicalensis
Huo Xiang -----> Agastache rugosa
Jie Geng -----> Platycodon grandiflorum
Jin Yin Hua -----> Lonicera japonica
Jing Jie -----> Schizonepeta tenuifolia
Lian Qiao -----> Forsythia suspensa
Sheng Jiang Pi -----> Zingiber officinalis
Tai Zi Shen -----> Pseudostellaria heterophylla

Good thread! Lots of information, research and time placed into. Pinned for later study.

Thanks OP

matches with: Thread: Covid-19 had us all fooled, but now we might have finally found its secret.


The lungs, in particular, have 3 primary defenses to maintain “iron homeostasis”, 2 of which are in the alveoli, those little sacs in your lungs we talked about earlier. The first of the two are little macrophages that roam around and scavenge up any free radicals like this oxidative iron. The second is a lining on the walls (called the epithelial surface) which has a thin layer of fluid packed with high levels of antioxidant molecules.. things like abscorbic acid (AKA Vitamin C) among others

Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus as an Agent of Emerging and Reemerging Infection
2007, American Society for Microbiology
[link to cmr.asm.org (secure)]

"

Numerous other potential antiviral agents have been
identified using different approaches (Table 8). Replication
of SARS-CoV requires proteolytic processing of the replicase polyprotein by two viral cysteine proteases, a chymotrypsin-like protease (3CLpro) and a papain-like protease
(PLpro). These proteases are important targets for the development of antiviral drugs. Protease inhibitors (especially
nelfinavir) (386, 392), glycyrrhizin (77), baicalin (50), reserpine (381), aescin (381), valinomycin (381), niclosamide
(380), aurintricarboxylic acid (129), mizoribine (293), indomethacin (4), chloroquine (174), and many herbal formulations, have also been found to possess some antiviral activity
against SARS-CoV in vitro. In addition, an organic nitric
oxide donor, S-nitro-N-acetylpenicillamine, appeared to
have inhibitory activity against SARS-CoV (2), which has
formed the basis for the use of nitric oxide inhalation as an
experimental form of rescue therapy for SARS (52).

"
------------

glycyrrhizin = licorice
baicalin = skullcap
aescin = horse chestnut
niclosamide = Antiparasitic
chloroquine

Identification of natural compounds with antiviral activities against SARS-associated coronavirus

[link to www.hdbiosciences.com]

Abstract
More than 200 Chinese medicinal herb extracts were screened for antiviral activities against Severe Acute Respiratory Syndromeassociated coronavirus (SARS-CoV) using 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-5-(3-carboxymethoxyphenyl)-2-(4-​sulfophenyl)-2H-tetrazolium inner salt (MTS) assay for virus-induced cytopathic effect (CPE). Four of these extracts showed moderate to potent antiviral activities against
SARS-CoV with 50% effective concentration (EC50) ranging from 2.4 ± 0.2 to 88.2 ± 7.7
g/ml. Out of the four, Lycoris radiata was most
potent. To identify the active component, L. radiata extract was subjected to further fractionation, purification, and CPE/MTS assays. This
process led to the identification of a single substance lycorine as an anti-SARS-CoV component with an EC50 value of 15.7 ± 1.2 nM. This
compound has a CC50 value of 14980.0 ± 912.0 nM in cytotoxicity assay and a selective index (SI) greater than 900. The results suggested
that four herbal extracts and the compound lycorine are candidates for the development of new anti-SARS-CoV drugs in the treatment of
SARS.

Reports from several groups (Cinatl et al., 2003a,b;
Scagnolari et al., 2004) have suggested that some reagents,
such as interferon and glycyrrhizin, pose anti-SARS-CoV
activity


------------

top 4:


Lycoris radiata
Artemisia annua
Pyrrosia lingua
Lindera aggregate


----------------------------------


[link to www.mpg.de (secure)]

Artemisia annua to be tested against COVID-19
The Max Planck Institute of Colloids and Interfaces, Potsdam (Germany) will collaborate with ArtemiLife Inc., a US based company and medical researchers in Denmark and Germany to test Artemisia annua plant extract and artemisinin derivatives in laboratory cell studies against the novel coronavirus disease (COVID-19).

APRIL 08, 2020


Herbal treatments used in Traditional Chinese Medicine were explored to treat coronavirus infections during the SARS-CoV and MERS-CoV outbreaks. Initial studies in China showed the alcoholic extract of sweet wormwood (Artemisia annua) was the second most potent herbal medicine used on the 2005 SARS-CoV.

"I am excited about the international collaboration of academic and private sector scientists to conduct cell study testing of Artemisia annua against coronavirus.” said Professor Peter H. Seeberger, Director at the Max Planck Institute of Colloids and Interfaces in Potsdam.

COVID-19 is caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2), a positive-sense single-stranded RNA virus that is contagious in humans. Like the SARS-related coronavirus strain implicated in the early 2000’s SARS outbreak, SARS-CoV-2 is a member of the same subgenus. SARS-CoV-2 is unique among known beta-coronaviruses in its incorporation of a polybasic cleavage site, a characteristic known to increase pathogenicity and transmissibility in other viruses.

“Given the similarities between those two viruses, plant extracts and artemisinin derivatives need to be tested against the new coronavirus and this international collaboration makes it possible,” continued Prof. Seeberger.

[link to www.pnas.org (secure)]

Small molecules targeting severe acute respiratory syndrome human coronavirus


Of >10,000 agents tested, ≈50 compounds were found active at 10 μM; among these compounds, two are existing drugs (Reserpine 13 and Aescin 5) and several are in clinical development. These 50 active compounds were tested again, and compounds 2–6, 10, and 13 showed active at 3 μM.




Fig. 7.
The commercially available compounds whose structures have 80% similarity with Glycyrrihizin, Aescin, and Reserpine that showed anti-SARS-CoV activities <100 &#956;M.


Aescin, the major active principle from the horse chestnut tree, has previously been used to treat patients with chronic venous insufficiency (30, 31), hemorrhoids (32), postoperative edema (30, 32), and inflammatory action (30, 33). Reserpine, a naturally occurring alkaloid produced by several members of the genus Rauwolfia, has been used primarily as a peripheral antihypertensive and as a central depressant and sedative (34). It has also found use as a radio-protective agent and experimentally as a contraceptive (35).

Because Glycyrrhizin, Aescin and Reserpine have been used clinically, their related natural products may be also active against SARS-CoV. We used the International Species Information System (ISIS) database to search for commercially available compounds whose structures have 80% similarities with these three drugs. We found 15 compounds related to Glycyrrhizin and Aescin and six compounds related to Reserpine. Through a cell-based assay, we found that 10 of the 21 compounds showed activities against SARS-CoV. Among them, four compounds (6, 16, 17, and 18) are derivatives of Glycyrrhizin and Aescin, and all six derivatives of Reserpine (19–24) showed activities toward SARS-CoV at <100 &#956;M. The structures and their minimal concentration of inhibition toward SARS-CoV are shown in Fig. 7. Ginsenoside-Rb1 (16) is one of the pharmacologically active components of the traditional Chinese herb, Panax ginseng (36). Glycyrrhizin has previously been reported to be active against SARS-CoV with IC50 > 500 &#956;M



we found that extracts of eucalyptus and Lonicera japonica did show such activities at the concentration of 100 &#956;M; and Ginsenoside-Rb1 (17), one of the pharmacologically active components of Panax ginseng (42, 43), also showed the antiviral activity at 100 &#956;M




Reserpine = Rauvolfia serpentina (Indian snakeroot
Aescin = Horse Chestnut

Chin Med J 2014;127 (7)

Prevention and treatment of viral respiratory infections by traditional Chinese herbs

[link to www.elotus.org (secure)]

Anti SARS virus

Baicalin derived from Scutellaria baicalensis
inhibited the replication of SARS-CoV in Vero and FRhK4 cells at concentrations which may be achievable in vivo
after intravenous administration.40 A large compound
screening test showed ginsenoside-Rb1 extracted from
Panax ginseng, aescin isolated from the horse chestnut tree,
reserpine containing in the genus Rauwolfia and extracts
of eucalyptus and Lonicera japonica inhibited SARSCoV replication at non-toxic concentrations.41 Glycyrrhizin
isolated from the root of Glycyrrhiza glabra was active
in inhibiting replication of the SARS-associated virus
(FFM-1 and FFM-2).42 Comparing to other commercial
drugs, glycyrrhizin was the most effective drug against
SARS virus and had the lowest toxic effect to human.

Anti RSV Respiratory Syncytial Virus (RSV) Infection

An anti-RSV screening test with 21 herbs was employed,
and extracts from 14 herbs showed moderate to strong
anti-RSV activity.44 Among the effective herbs, six
herbs exhibited anti-RSV activity with 50% inhibitory
concentration values lower than 50 &#956;g/ml and selective
Chinese Medical Journal 2014;127 (7) 1347
index values higher than 10, including Blumea laciniata,
Elephantopus scaber, Laggera pterodonta, Mussaenda
pubescens, Schefflera octophylla and Scutellaria indica. Glycyrrhiza uralensis was
another herbal candidate for cure of RSV infection.46,47 The
compound GD4 isolated from root of Glycyrrhiza uralensis.
fisch was effective to inhibit the number of RSV in vitro


Anti influenza virus

As a corynanthe-type monoterpenoid indole alkaloid,
hirsutine isolated from Uncaria rhynchophylla ( cat's claw herb) MIQ.
inhibited the replication of influenza virus A (H3N2) in
vitro.
50 Furthermore the 50% effective concentration of hirsutine was 11- to 20-fold lower than the clinically used ribavirin

Caffeic acid and quinic acid are two major chlorogenic acids. These taste pretty foul: bitter, harsh, and often metallic. Quinic acid is related to quinine, which is what gives tonic water its distinct taste.2 Jun 2008